wish you and your loved ones a Wonderful and Happy Diwali festival.

Dear Family & Friends

Before time passes quicker than I thought and before the day ends....

I thought I'd be one of the first persons to wish you and your loved
ones a Wonderful and Happy Diwali.
May you always be blessed and let the light of Diwali fill your lives
always with health, wealth and prosperity!
Have a great day
And do it safely...
Dr. BHUDIA and FAMILY Science Group Of INDIA
kutchscience@...
uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.
Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.
Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science Groups of India.




Dr. BHUDIA and FAMILY


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hello,

This email message is a notification to let you know that
a file has been uploaded to the Files area of the venustransit_2004
group.

   File        : /Total SUN ECLIPSE 2009 JULY 22.kmz
   Uploaded by : kutchscience <kutchsciencefoundation@...>
   Description : This file runs in Google Earth to give clear idear of TSE22JUL09
and can be zoomed to desired level. Also one can add weather options in GOOGLE
EARTH side bar to see Zoomed cloud cover of each village in the TSE ECLIPSE PATH
22/July 2009

You can access this file at the URL:
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/files/Total%20SUN%20ECLIPSE%2\
02009%20JULY%2022.kmz

To learn more about file sharing for your group, please visit:
http://help.yahoo.com/help/uk/groups/files

Regards,

kutchscience <kutchsciencefoundation@...>

Hello,

This email message is a notification to let you know that
a file has been uploaded to the Files area of the venustransit_2004
group.

   File        : /Principia Mathematica.pdf
   Uploaded by : drbhudia <drbhudia@...>
   Description : Principia Mathematica by  Isaac Newton The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy�

You can access this file at the URL:
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/files/Principia%20Mathematica\
.pdf

To learn more about file sharing for your group, please visit:
http://help.yahoo.com/help/uk/groups/files

Regards,

drbhudia <drbhudia@...>

On FRI, 20/03/09, drbhudia@... Dr Bhudia Kutch Science Foundation
kutchsciencefoundation@...  
 
Dear Science, Maths, History and astronomy Friends,

Subject: HAPPY EQUINOX day, longitude latitude measurement methods by Angle
meaurement of the sun - 20 March/22 sept 2009 LONG LATI @RAMKUND

Happy EQUINOX day, longitude latitude measurement methods by Angle meaurement of
the sun - LONG LATI @RAMKUND

From: kutchsciencefoundation@...
Subject: HAPPY EQUINOX day, measurement of the sun - 20 March/22 sept 2009,
methods of Angle of sun and LONGITUDE  LATITUDE @RAMKUND of BHUJ.

 





UTC date and time of solstices and equinoxes[1]

year
Equinox
Mar
Solstice
June
Equinox
Sept
Solstice
Dec

day
time
day
time
day
time
day

time
 
 
 
 
 





2009
20
11:44
21
05:45
22
21:18
21
17:47
 
 
  
Wish you all a very happy March EQUINOX day  20 March/22 sept 2009 On the
Equinox day and all measurement activity is done in the equinox day time at
RAMKUND of BHUJ.  
As Ramkund is perfectly constructed according to the Sun dial principles. E-W
N-S. and all constructions are perfect rectagular and perpendicular. for
measurement one do not need to manage any such directions and leveling But only
Shadow measurenets ONLY for sun dialing as we do in JANTAR MANTAR of Delhi or
JAIPUR. And that also will give the idea when tropic of cancer was passing there
at RAMKUND at that time many centuries ago. (23 14 51 N). 

Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for tropical of
cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when sun is on with no
shadows East or West. and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may
be 12 + MM depending on the place where you go – Longitudes. for Bhuj 12:52 PM
 
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubindia/files/MeasureEarth.doc
 
http://f1.grp.yahoofs.com/v1/AMoxQMYX-9fiVHuxQHOo41ARbHhUCCePM4vTyesgNwoaLECS-Pj\
S97i5cgQxpGVZJxToBmG788WFGK948sho/MeasureEarth.doc
 
Hints: as Calculation of Latitude Longitude of the Place on Earth (eg RAMKUND)
we need to measure the angle of Sun. As on the Equinox day The sun is on the the
Equater, we need to go to the place on befor 12PM IST. 
At 12 PM IST see the Northern steps Shadow showing towards the West will be
seen. on the day. wait for the local time 12:00 NOON which will be at 12:52 PM
IST.
 
Measuring the Angle of the SUN : 

Similar Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. – for
tropical of cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when no
shadows East or West. and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON which may
be 12 + MM depending on the place where you go – Longitudes.
 
As at 12 PM IST shadow on the RAMKUND will be towords the west of NORTHERN STEPS
of the RAMKUND.  See when The shadow becomes perpedicular as line drawn in
steps diagrams, Shadow will be perfectly downwards in the plum line. 
 
If Above picturenot seen here ara attached with the email 1) Angle
Measurement@...  2) RAMKUND STEPS Shadow.jpg  
 
Now you find exact time when to there is shadow in exactly perpendicular line.
That say time is 12:52 than time difference is 52 minutes which is 52/4=13
dehrees means BHUJ is at 82.5-13=69.5 East.  LONGITUDE MEASUREMENT.
 
At this time you need to measure the lenth of the shadow at south steps as shown
in other diadram.  and measuer the angle of the sun . which is equal to the
Latitude of the place as the sun is on Equater. LATITUDE MEASUREMENT. 
 
as ramkund is constructed perfectly E W NS ans in perfect square and
perpendicular as reverse of PYRAMIS in the ground and exactly according to rules
Like pyramids accuracy.
 
Lenth of Shadow/height will give Tangent of the angle . tanke an anti tangent of
the figure you get by Shadow/height . thats the angle of the tilt of sun. Thats
the Latitude of the place RAMKUND.
 
As you are @ RAMKUND check how accurate is your experiment with figures of 
RAMKUND (23 14 51 N).




World geometric dimension Table: created





Earth’s Equatorial Diameter


Equatorial Circumference 2D


Earth’s Inter Polar Diameter


Inter Polar Circumference 2D



12756 Km (E to W)


40053 KM (E to W)


12714 K m (N to S)

39900 KM (N to S)


(E to W 23:30 N/S)

(Using Tangent 23:30=0.917)

 

 


360 degree @  23.5 Degree

36730km@Tropic of Cancer

360 deg Round the Earth

39900 KM Inter Polar


1 Degree = 60 ‘ Mins /360

=102 km = 64 Miles

1 Degree = 60 ‘ Mins /360

=110 km = 70 Miles


1’ Min = 60 “ Secs    /60

=1.7 KM =1.067 Miles

1’ Min = 60 “ Secs    /60

=1.84 KM =1.16 Miles


 

=1700 M = 5632 Feet

 

=1840 M = 6124 Feet


1”Sec         /60

28.3 M  =94 Feet

1”Sec         /60

30.8 M  =102 Feet


= 37 adult steps

= 18 Second’s walk

= 40 adult steps

= 20 Second’s walk


 

1minute walk =300feets=92M

 

1minute walk =300feets=92M


 

1hour = 5.4 Km walk

 

1hour = 5.4 Km walk
 
From yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.
Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.
Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience 
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh  http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of
India & kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Friends of Scienec History and Astronomy. MADRID (AFP) - Spanish
astronomers Wednesday announced the discovery of the smallest planet
discovered
to date outside the solar system, located 30 light years from earth.

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080409/sc_afp/spaceastronomyplanets_08040919\
0123#'

The planet, 'GJ 436T', was detected through a new technique which
'will allow us
to discover in less than 10 years the first planet resembling earth in
terms of
mass and orbit,' said Ignasi Ribas of Spain's CSIC scientific research
institute.It was discovered by a team led by Ribas through its
gravitational
pull on other planets already discovered around the same star in the
constellation of Leo.'GJ 436T' has a mass five times the size of
Earth, which
makes it the smallest extrasolar planet among the roughly 300
identified so far,
Ribas said in announcing the discovery.He said the new planet is
uninhabitable
due to the distance that separates it from its star, which is far less
than that
between the earth and the sun.To sustain life, a planet must have a
mass similar
to that of earth, liquid water on its surface, an atmosphere and a similar
orbital distance from its star as that of the earth from the sun.Initial
calculations by the team indicated that 'GJ 436T' rotates in 4.2 earth
days and
orbits its star every 5.2 days. By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of
INDIA.http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.Founder :'Kutch Amateurs
Astronomers Club -
Bhuj - Kutch'.Life Member:'kutch Itihaas
Parishad'.http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of
India.

All Gujarat Amateur Astronomers Meet2008
Dear Friends

Some queries were there about the Gujarat Meet So here is some
clarifications and information hope you will like. Hope your presence
there
All Gujarat Amateur Astronomers Meet2008 is being organized First time
in Kutch by Kutch Amateur Astronomers Club on 26th & 27th April 2008.
The Response is very good from all over Gujarat. We are expecting 200
� participants. 100 from Kutch and 100 from Out of Kutch.

The Aim for the meet as under

As you are aware that 2009 will be celebrate as Astronomy Year. When
the program will be start we should prepare ourselves prier to that.
In Every district Astronomy Club should be form and where Astronomy
Club exist it should be more active.
The participants will know the activities going on in other part and
they can get help from others.
The participants interact with other delegates and share their experience.
The role of armature astronomers may be increased.

Activities during the Meet
The Lectures of well known amateur astronomers, Group discussions, Sky
party, Telescope exhibition, Books Exhibition, Presentations of
activities from the various part, discussion about to establish
permanent information sharing system,etc.

The Venue
The venue is Ishwar Ashram Vandhay. The Vandhay is a small village
near Deshalpar in Bhuj Taluka of Kutch District.This village is famous
pilgrimage. So lodging and boarding facilities are available from
Ishawar Ashram And Umiya Dham also.In Ishwar Ashram accommodation and
food facilities are available for 24 hours and 365 days.

How to reach
To reach Vandhay you have to reach Deshalpar. Vandhay is 2 Km away
from deshalpar.Rixa facility will be available from reception center
at Deshalpar. Deshalpar is 25 km West from Bhuj. You will get Private
as well as ST bus in every 15 minutes interval. The ticket is vary
about 12 to 15 Rs.If you are coming from out off Kutch and get bus
which are crossing Bhuj and if last stop is Naliya, Nakhtrana,
Matanamadh, Hajipir,Dayapar or Narayan Sarovar you need not down to
Bhuj You can come direct to Deshalpar. We also assist you at the Bhuj
Bus Station if you inform us about your arrival.

So don't forget, do register your name as early as possible because we
should restrict the participants up to 200, The clear and non polluted
sky is waiting for you. If any query or you need more information
please ask at narendragor@...
The Important Phone no. to be noted i.e. Narendra Gor 9428220472,
Sannjeev Sharma 9879330731 Office land line no. 02832 229654, Land
line Resident 02832 299450.Ishwar Ashram Vandhay (The Venue)0832 276230
Narendra Gor
9428220472

Dear university and colleges, Librarians (Digital Data libraries) and
friends Of Science,

Our digital library is ready to use for references. Colleges and
universities are welcome to share our vast subject selection library.
When Kutch University has decided to develop the new library for Kutch
University we are happy to offer and share our library source for KUTCH
University. We are sharing some of library of Sanskrit with Sanskrit
department but now wide source is ready for use for students and staff.

We continue to grow our library and are updating our Digital DATA
libraries in our Science foundations. Now we have Thousands of Books on
many subjects of Science and other subjects of Maths and engineering as
well.

Now our Millions page Digital DATA libraries in Kutch Science
Foundations & many more to come.

1) Thousands +1800 of books on Computer and IT Science 500+ libraries =
2300+ books

2) Books on Mathematics Library including MATLABS , Astronomy  = 500+
books including video lecture library

3) Books On Astronomy and Space science, study course library, including
SPACE ENCYCLOPEDIA  Astronomy Video library of Science discoveries
Asimov's science fiction library. including video library.

4) Ancient Books of Astronomy, BRAHMAND PURAN, and spherical astronomy,
elements of space, Physics and maths Science which are not available now
a day. And ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE and including video library

4) Home science and Cooking Books with cooking recopies

6) Handicrafts and Stitching books

7) Physics Complete library. +500s of books including video library

8) Chemistry Complete library  +500s of Books

9) Biology Complete Library  +500s of Books

10) Human Anatomy Science and complete Medical Library for medical
university and research students. + 1500 BOOKS

11) Full medical science library, medical dictionary and Ayurvedic
information library INCLUDING BIOMEDICAL, GENETICS, + 1500 BOOKS

12) Actuarial science and statistical science and predictions BOOKS
library

13) Robotic science and technology Books LIBRARY

14) SANSKRIT and grammar including full +1000 page Sanskrit dictionary,
Oxford dictionaries, Vedic (PURANs NAAD VEDAs) Library including all 18
Purans and 4 Vedas including grammar and translations AND AN ANCIENT
PERSIAN BOOKS

15) Archaeological library WITH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHEOLOGY , Forbidden
archaeology  including Civilisation and DHOLAVIRA video library, INCA,
MAYA, EGYPT, INDUS etc.

16) Geological Science Library including fossils and DINO fossils
complete sets of Photographic libraries INCLUDING TOPOMAPs Library,
Forbidden Geology, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOLOGY. and video library

17) History, Science Documentary and science Discoveries, GEO
DISCOVERIES and civilisations Digital and digital Video libraries.
including video library

18) Reference Library of ancient civilisation and geological science of
Kutch AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOTECTONICS . including video library

19) Reference Library for Birds and Environment & Nature library of
Kutch AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIRDS, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURE , ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF ANIMAL including video library

20) Digital Audio Library including Vedic audio, Asimov's Science
Fictions audio Library And many more to come.

21) Books On Botany  and science, and ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science including
video library

22) Books On engineering science, electric engineering, civil ,
construction and mechanical + 600 Books
And many more to come

By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/ <../../../>

President:'Kutch Science Foundation'.
Founder :'Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch'.
Life Member:'kutch Itihaas Parishad'.
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
<http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/scienceclubofindia>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/kutchscience>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/kachchh>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj <http://in.groups.yahoo.com/bhuj>

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group
of India



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

On the Parabolic Curve of Primary Mirrors


Abstract: In order for a parabolic mirror to work, light has to reflect
off of every point on it and be directed in a straight line to the
focus. With this in mind, we know a light ray traveling parallel to the
y-axis and reflecting off of the point (x, f) has to be directed to the
focus in a straight line parallel to the x-axis. In order for a vertical
light ray to reflect in this way, the point (x, f) on the mirror has to
have a slope of 45 degrees or, in other words, a slope of one. This
means that the derivative of the parabolic function at the point (x, f)
has to equal 1.[Nature and Science. 2006;4(2):23-24].


Keywords: parabolic curve; parabolic mirror



In order to make a reflecting telescope such as a Newtonian Reflector,
the primary mirror is often ground into the shape of a parabola. The
reason for this is that when light enters the telescope tube, it is
reflected off of the parabolic mirror and, due to the unique parabolic
shape, is focused at a single point (the focus) which is a certain
distance away from the center of the mirror (the focal length). The
purpose of this paper is to try to describe which parabolic curve is
suitable to fit a known focal length. The general solution has been
known for a long time, but I was able to use a kind of guess and check
method to find a similar solution on my own.  This is one way in which
the solution can be derived. We will assume the parabola is centered at
the origin, so we know the general form of the parabola will be similar
to y = ax^2 where a is some particular coefficient depending on the
given focal length.



In order for a parabolic mirror to work, light has to reflect off of
every point on it and be directed in a straight line to the focus. With
this in mind, we know a light ray traveling parallel to the y-axis and
reflecting off of the point (x, f) has to be directed to the focus in a
straight line parallel to the x-axis. In order for a vertical light ray
to reflect in this way, the point (x, f) on the mirror has to have a
slope of 45 degrees or, in other words, a slope of one. This means that
the derivative of the parabolic function at the point (x, f) has to
equal 1.



So, knowing that the parabolic function will take the form y = ax^2, and
that the derivative of this function evaluated at the point (x, f) must
equal 1, we can figure out the general equation for any parabolic mirror
with a particular focal length.



Take the case where f, the focal length, equals 4. In order to find the
x-coordinate for (x, f) we need to solve y = ax^2 for x.



4 = ax^2

(4/a) = x^2

(2/sqrt(a)) = x



We know that at the point ((2/sqrt(a)), 4) the slope of the parabolic
curve must equal 1. To find an equation for the slope of the tangent
line to the parabolic curve at any point we take the derivative of y =
ax^2.



y = ax^2

y' = 2ax



We know x = 2/sqrt(a) and that the slope at this point has to be 1.
Plugging in y' = 1 and x = 2/sqrt(a) we get:



1 = (4a)/sqrt(a)



Rearranging we get:



Sqrt(a) = 4a

a = 16a^2

1 = 16a

1/16 = a



Plugging a back into our original parabolic equation we get:



y = (1/16)x^2



which will produce a focal length of 4.



We have just found the parabolic equation for a mirror that produces a
focal length of 4. However, we can generalize this equation for any
focal length. Take f to be the focal length, but this time, instead of
assigning a value to f, we will leave it like it is.



f = ax^2

f/a = x^2

sqrt(f)/sqrt(a) = x



f' = 2ax

1 = (2a*sqrt(f))/sqrt(a)

sqrt(a) = 2a*sqrt(f)

a = 4fa^2

1 = 4fa

1/(4f) = a



Therefore, by plugging a back into the parabolic equation we get the
general solution:



y = 1/(4f)x^2

where y is the curve that a parabolic mirror takes with any focal length
f.
Make Big Paraboloid Reflectors Using Plane Segments
This page describes a simple algorithm (downloadable as an Excel
spreadsheet) that calculates the dimensions of cardboard sections that
when assembled will form a parabolic dish (paraboloid). The design
allows free choice of focal length, aperture and overall size. The dish
can be used for concentrating energy in the form of sound to make a
highly senstive and directional microphone, or (when covered with a
metallic reflector or made from metal sheeting) a solar furnace or a
collector for radio waves.
Introduction
Parabolic reflectors (or paraboloids) and mirrors are used in
astronomical telescopes, car headlights and satellite dishes. The
paraboloid has the unique property that an on-axis parallel beam of
radiation will be reflected by the surface and concentrated at its focus
(or conversely, a point source located at the focus will produce a
parallel beam on reflection). This feature is illustrated in the diagram
below - parallel rays enter from the left and are brought to a focus at
a single point.

   [the focusing action of a parabola]

Figure 1: The focusing action of a parabola

The above examples of parabolic reflectors all use a smooth surface as
the reflector; but a parabolic surface can be approximated using an
array of flat surfaces (small plane mirrors). Provided that the size of
each reflector is kept small then the errors will not be significant for
several applications - such as a solar concentrator (or solar furnace),
a sound mirror or a radio receiving or transmitting dish. The size of
each individual mirror needs to be smaller than the target (a
microphone, saucepan or radio antenna). In this design (apart from those
at the centre) the individuals mirrors are quadrilaterals (or more
precisely, trapezia, since they have two parallel sides).

The material to make the dish is somewhat a matter of personal choice -
cardboard is fine for a microphone reflector and when covered with
aluminium foil, will make a solar concentrator. A cardboard paraboloid a
metre or a metre and a half in diameter can easily gather enough
infrared rays from the sun to cook a sausage (or your hand - be
careful). A big cardboard paraboloid is easy to make with very small
focal ratios: f/0�25 or less. Light plywood can also be used for a
more durable dish at the expense of increased effort in construction and
additional weight. Sheet metal (or a metal mesh for a radio reflector)
could also be used. A major challenge with heavy structures is to
support and steer them and also prevent them from sagging and distorting
(which will affect their ability to focus properly).
The Principle
If you want to understand how the algorithm works, we'll need to have a
look at the maths (if you don't like the maths then skip this bit and go
on to the design section - you'll just have to take the design on
trust).

We start by considering the parabola; this is a one dimensional curve
and is a section through a paraboloid - a paraboloid is formed by
rotating a parabola about its axis. The equation of a parabola is:

y = a.x�

where a is a constant.

For a parabola with a focal length of f:

a = 1/(4f)



   [parabola]
Figure 2: Parabola - focal length = f

The axis of the parabola is coincident with the y-axis and the focus is
located at (0, f).

If the reflector depth is equal to the focal length then the edge of the
mirror and the focus both lie in the same plane - it makes locating the
focus easy and any supporting structure for the detector can be made
flat (like the spokes of a wheel). It follows that at the focal point
the radius of the aperture is 2f and that the focal ratio for this
arrangement is f/0�25.

Now consider the actual dish (shown below in partial plan and section).
The section resembles the smooth curve shown above in figure 2 except
that it is made up from short straight lines. There are three features
to note: firstly the points that are joined by the lines lie on the
parabolic curve; secondly, the points are equally spaced along the x
axis (which means the lengths of the parallel sides of the trapezia are
simple to calculate) and thirdly, the distances between the points
(measured along the parabola) increase with distance from the centre.

   [the dish]

Figure 3: Plan of the dish and section

When viewed from above, each segment comprises a simple triangle whose
apex angle is equal to 360� divided by the total number of segments
(figure 4). Multiplying the x distance by the tangent of half the apex
angle gives the half width of the triangle at x from the centre of the
dish. This simple calculation allows us to find the lengths of the
parallel sides of the quadrilaterals.



Figure 4: Top View of a Single Section

When flattened out, the shape of the segment is not a simple triangle
but a more complicated shape; we need to calculate the distance between
the parallel sides and this allows us to then draw a complete segment.
To get the linear distance measured along the surface of the mirror we
consider two adjacent points on the parabola:

   [length of centreline of a general segment]
Figure 5: Calculating the length of a segment

The distance between the two points is found using the formula:

zn = (( xn+1 - xn )� + ( yn+1 - yn )�)�
Design
First decide how many sections you want to use - the plan above shows
twelve - having more sections means greater accuracy but also more work.
Divide this figure into 360� - this gives the angle at the vertex of
each section. Now get the tangent of half this angle (in this example
the angle is 30� so we need to find tan(15�) which is 0�268).
Secondly choose the size of the increment in x - this should be no
larger than the detector placed at the focus - say 2 inches for a
microphone or 4 inches for a hamburger. Now choose a focal length -
that's the distance from the bottom of the dish to the focal point.
Calculate the value of a by multiplying f by four and taking the
reciprocal of the result. For example, if f is 8 then a will be 1/(4 x
8) = 1/32 = 0�03125

Then set up the table as follows:

     1. Number the rows at the left.
     2. In the next column put the value of the x coordinate (each row
increases by the value of      the x increment you've chosen).
     3. Calculate the corresponding value of y and put it in the next
column; y = a x x�.
     4. In the column labelled y1: copy the value for y from the next row.
     5. For each row: calculate the square of the      difference between
y1 and y, add it to the square of the value of the x increment. z is
found by taking the square root of this sum.
     6. In each row calculate Vd which is equal to the value of z for that
row plus all the values of z in the preceding rows.
     7. The 'from centre' distance is the half width of      the section
at the distance Vd from the dish centre - it is calculated by
multiplying the value of x in the      next row by the tangent already
found.

The process can be repeated for as many rows as desired to increase the
size of the aperture for a given focal length.

   [Dish design table]

I have set up an Excel spreadsheet to do all the calculations - download
<http://graffiti.virgin.net/ljmayes.mal/var/Paraboloid4.xls>  here. If
you use this you only need to choose the number of sections, the focal
length and the x increment to get the design.
Construction
Use the last two columns of the table - mark out a line on the card with
the distances given by Vd marked. Now measure perpendicular lines whose
lengths are given in the last column. Cut out the segment (and then
repeat 11 more times - phew!). Score along the perpendicular lines. Now,
when the edges are joined with adhesive tape or an equivalent material,
the segments automatically bend into the desired paraboloid.

   [Dimensions of a segment]
Figure 6: Marking out the segment

To stiffen the dish, I add a cardboard ring which I attach to the edge
of the dish using hot melt glue. Good luck. I will appreciate feeback
from anyone who has a go at constructing one of these.


By  yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
   http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/ <../../../>
President:"Kutch  Science Foundation".
Founder  :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club -  Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas  Parishad".
kutchscience@...
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchitihasparishad/post?postID=y-45gB\
N_vSZJVeec3ZN6y7XZ3wn8A42UKA3Sbf1z_wbnNzeLg4ojrgKFkw5EKL4FbewvLPv5UWcPLp\
X_2yTyUA> , kutchscience@...
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchitihasparishad/post?postID=xcg0RB\
zdxEE8lrpzSYLeUKjemnQLFYDF6v7xKuf7ryZu8X6v8CvuLJMQqTPj7245dd50Z3aJ9_3PtD\
vldB4> ,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
<http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>   Do visit our ABOVE
Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science  Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

NASA Announces Discovery of Assault by a Black Hole
  12.18.2007


+ Play Audio | + Download Audio | + Email to a friend | + Join mailing
list

Dec. 18, 2007: A powerful jet from a supermassive black hole is
blasting a nearby galaxy, according to new data from NASA
observatories. This never-before witnessed galactic violence may have
a profound effect on planets in the jet's path and trigger a burst of
star birth in its destructive wake.

This real-life scene, worthy of the most outlandish science fiction,
is playing out in a faraway binary galaxy system known as 3C321. Two
galaxies are in orbit around one another. A supermassive black hole at
the core of the system's larger galaxy is spewing a jet in the
direction of its smaller companion.



Above: A composite image of 3C321. Scroll down the page to see an
artist's illustration labeling the galaxies and the jet. [more]

"We've seen many jets produced by black holes, but this is the first
time we've seen one punch into another galaxy," says Dan Evans, a
scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and
leader of the study. "This jet could be causing all sorts of problems
for the smaller galaxy it is pummeling."

Jets from super massive black holes produce large amounts of
radiation, especially high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays, which can be
lethal in large quantities. The combined effects of this radiation and
particles traveling at almost the speed of light could severely damage
the atmospheres of planets lying in the path of the jet. For example,
protective layers of ozone in the upper atmosphere of planets could be
destroyed.



Above: An artist's illustration of 3C321 with galaxies and jets
labeled. [more]

The effect of the jet on the companion galaxy is likely to be
substantial, because the galaxies in 3C321 are extremely close at a
distance of only about 20,000 light years apart. They lie
approximately the same distance as Earth is from the center of the
Milky Way galaxy.

The jet and galactic assault were discovered through the combined
efforts of both space and ground-based telescopes. NASA's Chandra
X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope
were part of the effort. Two sophisticated radio telescopes--the Very
Large Array (VLA) in Socorro, New Mexico, and the Multi-Element Radio
Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) in the United Kingdom--were
also needed for the finding.


Sign up for EXPRESS SCIENCE NEWS delivery

A bright spot in the VLA and MERLIN images shows where the jet has
struck the side of the galaxy, dissipating some of the jet's energy.
The collision disrupted and deflected the jet.

A unique aspect of the discovery in 3C321 is how relatively
short-lived this event is on a cosmic time scale. Features seen in the
VLA and Chandra images indicate that the jet began impacting the
galaxy about one million years ago, a small fraction of the system's
lifetime.

It's possible that the event is not all bad news for the beleaguered
galaxy. The massive influx of energy and radiation from the jet could
spark the formation of large numbers of stars and planets after its
initial wake of destruction is complete. In the distant future, say
researchers, whole new star systems may have the lethal jet to thank
for their very existance.

HAPPY DIPAWALI - HAPPY NEW YEAR
Dearest  Friends,

It is  time of DIPAWALI when we greet a joyous occasion to bring joy to
people we know  and love and to extend to them warm wishes, best of
health and prosperity for  the coming year.We extend  a warm wishes to
you, your friends and family members.

Thank  you

Dr Bhudia  and Pariowar and Kutch Science foundation
From  yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
<../../../%20%20President>  President <../../../%20%20President> :
"Kutch Science Foundation".Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club -
Bhuj �  Kutch ".Life Member:"kutch Itihaas  Parishad".
kutchscience@... <mailto:kutchscience@...>  ,
kutchscience@... <mailto:kutchscience@...>   ,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachch/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>
hhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj> /
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, ScienceGroup
of  India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Librarians  (Digital Data libraries) and friends Of Science, and
many more to come

Sub:- Now We are updating our Digital DATA libraries in our Science
foundations And many more to  come.

We are updating  our Digital DATA libraries in our Science foundations.
Now we have Thousands of  Books on many subjects of Science and other
subjects of Maths and engineering as  well.



1) Thousands of  books on Computer and IT Science  libraries - 1000+
books

2) Books on Mathematics

3) Books On Astronomy and Space science including  Asimov's science
fiction  library.

4) Ancient Books of Astronomy Science

4) Home science and  Cooking

6) Actuarial science and predictions

7) Physics Complete library. 100s of  books

8) Chemistry Complete library  100s of  Books

9) Biology Complete Library  100s of  Books

10) Human Anatomy Science Medical Library

11) Full medical science library 100s of  Books

12) Handicrafts and Stitching  books

13) Robotic science and technology Books

14) Vedic (PURANs NAAD VEDAs) Library including  all 18 Purans and 4
Vedas

15) Archaeological  library

16) Geological Science Library including  fossils and DINO fossils
complete sets of Photographic  libraries

17) History, Science Documentary and science  Discoveries and
civilisations Digital and digital Video  libraries.

18) Reference  Library of ancient civilisation and geological science
library of  Kutch including Encyclopedia  of Geology science.


19) Reference  Library for Birds and Environment & Nature library of
Kutch including video library and  Encyclopedia  of Birds,  Encyclopedia
of Animal , Encyclopedia  of Nature and science.

20) Digital Audio  Library including Vedic audio, Asimov's Science
Fictions audio  Library

21) 600+ Electrics and Engineering Books library


And many more to  come



From  yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.

http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
<../../../%20%20President>

President <../../../%20%20President> : "Kutch  Science
Foundation".Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj �
Kutch

".Life  Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".

kutchscience@...,   kutchscience@...,

http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>

http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachch/
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>

hhttp://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/%20http:/profiles.yahoo.com/kutch\
science2000/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/%20htt\
p:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience/%20http:/in.groups.yahoo.com/g\
roup/kachch/%20hhttp:/in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj> /
Do  visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, ScienceGroup
of  India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of  Archaeology science and history,
This time  EQUINOX  day is bit later on 23 September in 2007.

Wish  you all a very happy EQUINOX day . soon you will be emailed An
Expedition report  of KUTCH for GEOLOGY and Archeology.
UTC <http://in.groups.yahoo.com/wiki/UTC>  Date and Time of Solstice
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/wiki/Solstice>  and Equinox   year Equinox
Mar Solstice
June Equinox
Sept Solstice
Dec  day time day time day time day time  2002 20 19:16 21 13:24 23
04:55 22 01:14  2003 21 01:00 21 19:10 23 10:47 22 07:04  2004 20 06:49
21 00:57 22 16:30 21 12:42  2005 20 12:33 21 06:46 22 22:23 21 18:35
2006 20 18:26 21 12:26 23 04:03 22 00:22  2007 21 00:07 21 18:06 23
09:51 22 06:08  2008 20 05:48 20 23:59 22 15:44 21 12:04  2009 20 11:44
21 05:45 22 21:18 21 17:47  2010 20 17:32 21 11:28 23 03:09 21 23:38
2011 20 23:21 21 17:16 23 09:04 22 05:30  2012 20 05:14 20 23:09 22
14:49 21 11:11  2013 20 11:02 21 05:04 22 20:44 21 17:11  2014 20 16:57
21 10:51 23 02:29 21 23:0


Wish you all a very  happy EQUINOX day . soon you will be emailed An
Expedition report of KUTCH for  GEOLOGY and Archaeology.



From yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group  Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/ <../../../>
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".

Founder:Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club  Bhuj-Kutch.

Life Member:"kutch Itihaas  Parishad".
kutchscience@...
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/scienceclubofindia/post?postID=3WfT8SadTMHLX\
gqwwC9ywcOqtucxc6kyjftiMrm-zTI9z68AgWSMnDgrTT3mJbOc2lH--fwlC62Sso6FoL65g\
A> , kutchscience@...
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/scienceclubofindia/post?postID=p-hY89RH_741F\
YRwp0-Aac4c9-55yOFfiTHsaQebfZY0PklKp5mJwrWQzyGOs4qlkL6wEy_kYgqb24cGCug>
,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
<http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/scienceclubofindia>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/kutchscience>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/kachchh>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj <http://in.groups.yahoo.com/bhuj>

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups  of Science club of India, Science Group
of India & kutch science foundation  and ALSO JOIN US.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Friends,

Wish you all a very happy summer solstice. An Expedition in KUTCH for
GEOLOGY and Archaeology will start soon after rain in KUTCH.


Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of  INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/ <../../../>
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".

Founder:Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club Bhuj-Kutch.

Life  Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@...
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/post?postID=3WfT8Sa\
dTMHLXgqwwC9ywcOqtucxc6kyjftiMrm-zTI9z68AgWSMnDgrTT3mJbOc2lH--fwlC62Sso6\
FoL65gA> , kutchscience@...
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/post?postID=p-hY89R\
H_741FYRwp0-Aac4c9-55yOFfiTHsaQebfZY0PklKp5mJwrWQzyGOs4qlkL6wEy_kYgqb24c\
GCug> ,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>

<http://www.gujaratplus.com/mypage/WelCOME_to_the_Board_of_Science_Group\
_Of_INDIA_2004.html> http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
<http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups  of Science club of India, Science Group
of  India & kutch science foundation and  ALSO JOIN US.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hello,

This email message is a notification to let you know that
a file has been uploaded to the Files area of the venustransit_2004
group.

   File        : /MeasureEarth.doc
   Uploaded by : drbhudia <drbhudia@...>
   Description : Details of the tequenics to measure the Earth angles and
diameter of the Earth

You can access this file at the URL:
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/files/MeasureEarth.doc

To learn more about file sharing for your group, please visit:
http://help.yahoo.com/help/uk/groups/files

Regards,

drbhudia <drbhudia@...>

From: KutchScience
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=kutchscience@hotmail.com>
To: kutchScience
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=kutchScience@yahoogroups.co\
m>  ; scienceclubofindia
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=scienceclubofindia@yahoogro\
ups.co.in>  ; kachchh
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=kachchh@yahoogroups.co.in>
; bhuj
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=bhuj@yahoogroups.co.in>  ;
bhujkutch
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=bhujkutch@yahoogroups.co.in\
>  ;     Dear friends of scienec and astronomy,   Very important for the
Earth measurement (Measuring size -the Diameter of the EARTH)and
measuring the Latitude of the place where you are. as the Sun is on the
Equator of the Earth the SHADOW by the sundial gives you an angle of the
place where you make the experiment at the LOCAL NOON TIME (LOCAL 12PM)
of the place (not the IST time - except where the 82.5 longitude passes
through). ALSO very important for the finding the locations - places of
EQUATOR on the EARTH (NOTpassing through INDIA) but also helps to find
the tropic of CANCER (N 23.45) - passes through middle of INDIA from
middle of KUTCH to BANGOL. The place where the tropic of cance is
passing will give an angle of 23.45 degree on sun dial.    HAPPY EQUINOX
DAY to everyone of you.    FROM YOURS Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
<http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/>
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@...
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=kutchscience@yahoo.co.in> ,
kutchscience@...
<http://uk.f267.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=kutchscience@hotmail.com> ,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
<http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/>
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
<http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience>
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
<http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh>
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
<http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj>   Do visit our ABOVE
Clubs/Groups of Science Groups of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Mountain range spotted on Titan

   [0]    [0]
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/sci_nat_enl_1166000943\
/html/1.stm>  Titan's Sierras are the biggest mountains yet seen on the
moon [0]
   [0] More details
The Cassini spacecraft has spied the tallest mountains yet seen on
Titan, Saturn's major moon.
The range is about 150km long (93 miles), 30km (19 miles) wide and about
1.5km (nearly a mile) high.
The feature was identified by the probe on a recent pass, using a
combination of radar and infrared data.
Dr Bob Brown, one of the scientists behind the discovery, said it
reminded him of the Sierra Nevada mountains in the western US.
"One could call them Titan's Sierras," the University of Arizona-Tucson
researcher added.
The mountains lie south of the equator. Scientists told the American
Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting that the range was probably as hard
as rock, but made of icy materials.
The mountains appear to be coated with layers of organic, or
carbon-rich, material. This could be methane "snow".
Impact story
Titan is smothered in a thick photochemical haze, so Cassini must use
instruments other than its optical camera system to see features such as
these mountains.
Dr Brown, who leads Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
(Vims) team, said a theory was now emerging to explain how the range
formed.
   [0]     [http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/v3/start_quote_rb.gif]
You can think of Titan as the Earth in deep freeze
[http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/img/v3/end_quote_rb.gif]
Dr Rosaly Lopes, Nasa JPLIt was likely they grew as material welled up
from below to fill the gaps opened when tectonic plates pulled apart, he
explained. This is similar to the way mid-ocean ridges are formed on
Earth today.
Dr Brown said the mountains were close to a circular feature which might
be an ancient impact basin. He speculated that it was possible a space
collision in Titan's past had kicked off the whole process.
"The energy released in the impact was probably large enough for the
impactor to punch through the crust of Titan which then caused tectonic
disruption in the area, and that these [mountains] occurred some time
afterwards.
"If there is anything to this idea, if this is an impact basin, we ought
to see something exactly opposite in the geology on the other side of
Titan at what we call the antipode; and we haven't seen that yet."
Like Earth
Close to the mountains, Cassini's instruments also detect clouds. It is
probable these are forming when the atmosphere is pushed over the
elevated region by winds.
The spacecraft's flyby on 25 October has obtained a wealth of new data.
As well as the mountains and clouds, the probe saw more detail in the
great dune fields that cover the world and spotted what appears to be an
icy volcanic flow.
   [Cassini]   Cassini has been investigating Saturn and its moons since
2004Scientists are fascinated by Titan because its chemistry may tell
them something about the early Earth.
From the few impact craters seen on the surface, scientists know it must
be a very active world. There are channels that are probably being
carved by liquid methane; it has volcanoes that spew ices; winds are
eroding features and depositing material in distant locations.
"You can think of Titan as the Earth in deep freeze," said Dr Rosaly
Lopes, Cassini radar team member at the US space agency's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory.
"It has a lot of the geological processes that Earth has. In fact, it is
more Earth-like than anywhere else in the Solar System. But the surface
is very cold; it's about minus 178C."
Becoming clearer
British scientist Professor John Zarnecki was a principal investigator
on the Huygens lander which Cassini put on Titan in January 2005.
He said the moon continued to amaze.
"It is incredible to think that all those kilometres away there is a
moon which contains so many similar geographical features to those found
here on Earth.
"Huygens gave us a panoramic snapshot of the surface of Titan which we
continue to anaylse. When coupled with the results from Cassini's flybys
of Titan, we are really beginning to build up a detailed picture of the
make-up of this intriguing moon."
Cassini-Huygens entered into orbit around Saturn on 1 July 2004. The
mission is a co-operative project of Nasa, the European Space Agency
(Esa) and the Italian Space Agency



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hello,

This email message is a notification to let you know that
a file has been uploaded to the Files area of the venustransit_2004
group.

   File        : /Plans Of ISRO.pdf
   Uploaded by : kutchscience <kutchsciencefoundation@...>
   Description : Plans of ISRO for Geo - Astronomical Science and Space

You can access this file at the URL:
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/files/Plans%20Of%20ISRO.pdf

To learn more about file sharing for your group, please visit:
http://help.yahoo.com/help/uk/groups/files

Regards,

kutchscience <kutchsciencefoundation@...>

'Dear friends of science and ASTRONOMY,

       2006 Transit of Mercury will not be visible in India except most eastern
states of INDIA.





       2006: Mark your calendar: On Wednesday, Nov 8th, the planet Mercury will
pass directly in front the Sun. The transit begins at 2:12 pm EST (11:12 am PST)
and lasts for almost five hours. Good views can be had from the Americas,
Hawaii, Australia and all along the Pacific Rim: visibility map.

       What will it look like? A picture is worth a thousand words:


       Image credit: Larry Koehn. Click to view the Sun's full disk.

       During the transit, Mercury's tiny disk-jet black and perfectly round-will
glide slowly across the face of the Sun. Only a speck of the Sun's surface is
actually covered, so the Sun remains as dangerous as ever to look at. But with a
proper filter and a little imagination, the Transit of Mercury can be a
marvelous experience.

       There are many ways to safely observe the Sun, e.g., through eclipse
glasses or by means of a pinhole projector. In this case, nothing beats a
telescope equipped with a sun-safe H-alpha filter. H-alpha filters are narrowly
tuned to the red glow of solar hydrogen. They reveal the Sun as a boiling
inferno, cross-crossed by dark magnetic filaments and peppered with sunspots.
Warning: The sight of Mercury navigating this starscape could be mind blowing.

       Teachers, call your local astronomy club and ask if they have such a solar
telescope. Amateur astronomers love to show off the heavens, and someone will
probably volunteer to bring their 'scope to your classroom for the transit. (You
can also view the transit online at the SOHO web site--no telescope required.)

       Right: Mercury, photographed by Mariner 10. [More]

       Here's something to think about while watching the transit: Mercury is
fantastically mysterious. More than half of the planet is unknown to us. When
Mariner 10 flew by in the mid-70s, it managed to photograph only 45% of
Mercury's cratered surface. What lies on the other side? More craters? Or
something totally unexpected? You're free to speculate, because the next
spacecraft to visit Mercury, NASA's MESSENGER probe, won't enter orbit until
2011.

       One of Mercury's greatest secrets is the mystery-material at its poles.
Radars on Earth have pinged Mercury and received a strong echo from polar
craters. A favorite explanation is ice. While Mercury's daylit surface heats up
to 400o C, the temperature in deep, dark polar craters dips below -200o C. If an
icy comet landed in one of those craters (or made one of those craters), the
comet's ices, vaporized by impact, might re-freeze and stick around. As skeptics
like to say, however, "it's just a theory," one of many that MESSENGER will
check.

       Another puzzle is Mercury's wrinkles. Geologists call them "lobate
scarps." Like wrinkles on a raisin, the scarps are thought to be a sign of
shrinkage. Mercury may actually be collapsing in on itself as its massive iron
core cools and contracts. To check this idea, MESSENGER will map Mercury's
magnetic field, which springs from the core. If the core is collapsing, the
collapse may leave telltale signs in the planet's magnetism. MESSENGER will also
look for lobate scarps on the uncharted side of Mercury to see if this is truly
a global phenomenon.

       The answers are years away. Meanwhile, we watch and wonder, and Nov. 8th
is a good day for that.



Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
  http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

This transit begins at 11:12 am and ends at 4:10 pm Pacific Standard
Time! I'm not gonna be able to see it becaus I live in Holland :( But
for those who are gonna record it or just look at it I would like to
hear some about it.
Greetz

Hello,

This email message is a notification to let you know that
a file has been uploaded to the Files area of the venustransit_2004
group.

   File        : /LunaCRATERsPrimaryReport.pdf
   Uploaded by : drbhudia <drbhudia@...>
   Description : Primary report of ONE of the Meteor Drater of LUNA in the RANN
of KUTCH

You can access this file at the URL

http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/files/LunaCRATERsPrimaryRepor\
t.pdf

To learn more about file sharing for your group, please visit

http://help.yahoo.com/help/uk/groups/files

Regards,

drbhudia <drbhudia@...>

Dear friends of Kutch, Archaeology Science, Astronomy and History,



As Dr RV Karanth, explained in the bottom of the email and he is in favour of
these man made structures. as below, we wrote last  year about some strange
circles in the Khatrod range - Gangeshwar dome area. so we made an
Geoarchaeological expedition tour in the area in August this year. We found
those were the man made lines as we expected. lines are having a typical shapes
as in the mounts Andes region of Peru they are known as NAZKA lines- Structures.
the setellite view is below and original picture will be send on request mail
reply.



http://groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchScience/message/365    
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/message/346

Dear friends of Science and Geo-Archaeology,

Recently after marking the hundreds of places of Saraswati civilisation (Pre
Harappan civilisation settlements) areas of Rann, Kutch and Gujarat to the
goggle community sharing goggle has uploaded detailed satellite pictures of the
whole of Kutch and Gujarat areas. and as we were expecting to find the
Megalithic structures in the areas of hidden places one of the examples is here.
is about 100 meters of Diameter. in Khatrod hills range near BHUJ. This
structures needs to explored to understand the actual scientific clues.
similarly Megalithic structures have been found near Mandvi. and also in KHANDER
WARI WADI in NARANPAR BHUJ. also MEGALITHIC SAMADHIs are found in ZURA KOTADI
civilisation (Indus) area and some NAZKA structures type MEGALITHIC Graves are
found near JANGADIYA in ABADASA of KUTCH.

we are exploring all areas again with historians, Palaeontologists - geologist
and Archaeologist - Anthropologists in this SAWAN month after rain in Kutch.
wish all interested personals join and contribute their contribution of the
knowledge.






Peru link to Indian archaeological find?

Geologists have discovered a striking archaeological feature on a hillock in the
Kutch district of the western Indian state of Gujarat.

This feature is shaped like the Roman numeral VI. Each arm of this feature is a
trench that is about two metres wide, two metres deep and more than 100 metres
long. The feature has evoked the curiosity of archaeologists because such signs
have mostly been observed so far in Peru.

The team, led by Dr RV Karanth, a former professor of geology at the Maharaja
Sayajirao University in Vadodara, Gujarat, has been involved in a
palaeoseismological study of the Kutch region for the past 11 years.

Palaeoseismology involves the study of sediments, landforms and other geological
evidence of past earthquakes to unravel their history and determine the nature
and occurrence of present-day earthquakes.

This feature was discovered at a hillock 3km from the sleepy oasis township of
Khavda, which is also known as the gateway to the Rann of Kutch, an extensive
salt marsh of western India and southeast Pakistan between the Gulf of Kutch and
the Indus river delta.

Man-made feature?

The Kutch region is host to several archaeological findings belonging to the
Harappan civilisation (3000-1500 BC).

This has led to the speculation that this feature could be related to the
Harappan civilisation.



Dr Karanth clarifies that it is too early to arrive at any conclusion.

"It could be a manmade feature or may have been formed naturally due to erosion
of the hill slope along a fracture formed by the movement of earth's crust," he
says. "However structures formed naturally due to erosion generally tend to be
parallel to each other. But here, all three arms are in different directions.
Besides, all the ditches are almost uniformly wide and deep."



       Geologists say the features could be 'man-made'

Dr Karanth says such trenches have not been noticed elsewhere in the region.
Archaeologists, he says, can now pursue further research.

Geometric lines and animal shapes etched into the desert plain by people of the
Nazca civilisation (AD 1-700) of Peru are well known. "But such signs on
hill-slopes have not been reported from Peru," says Dr Karanth.

  Astronomy

He says that one of the prominent explanations given for the Peruvian features
is that they may have been constructed to make astronomical observations and
calculations.

"The Tropic of Cancer passes through Kutch. So if this structure is man-made, it
is likely that the slope of the hillock was utilised for making certain
astronomical calculations in the past," explains the geologist.

Interestingly, there are numerous indications to suggest that Harappans were
well-versed in astronomy. The straight streets of that time were oriented in the
cardinal directions - east, west, north and south. Linkages between ancient
Harappan scripts and latter Vedic texts also suggest that Harappan priest- the
progress of various planets and mapped the sky.

Dr Karanth has also discovered ruins of a fort-wall, houses, storage tank and a
temple on the hilltop. They may, he says, belong to the period of the Kathi
Darbar, a warrior class from the Kathiawad region.astronomers tracked


Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/  http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science, Science Group of India

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

http://www.sciscoop.com/story/2006/8/25/164733/819
       Posted on Fri Aug 25, 2006 at 12:47:33 PM PST

        "Free energy" and magnetic motor claims attract new attention and
skepticism. Irish company Steorn issues challenge to conventional science.
"I think the point that we're making is that this publicity stunt, and it is a
publicity stunt, has one direct aim, and that is to grab the attention of the
scientific world really to get them angry enough to have to deal with this.
The question we're asking is an honest question to the world of science: either
prove this works or prove it doesn't work - whatever you find, and to also make
absolutely sure the answer is put into the public domain. As far as we're
concerned, we're not asking a question we don't know the answer to." - Sean
McCarthy, Chief Executive Officer of Steorn




As far as I know, there is no such thing as free energy, or magnetic motor
energy. Science textbooks make it clear that such talk is nonsense, the
equivalent of perpetual motion. And no inventor has come forward so far to
physically demonstrate to the public that science has been incomplete in its
understanding and explanation of the physical universe.

Last week, principles from Steorn, an Irish technology company posted a
full-page ad in The Economist magazine challenging the world's physicists to a
duel: Come test our machine, and prove us right or wrong.

"Our position on this is that we don't expect anybody in the general public to
believe us at this point," McCarthy said. "We're just asking people to believe
the process [of the audit.] We're saying that at the end of this process, the
answer is going to be published whether we're right or wrong."

They are inviting a panel of scientists to audit their claims, with virtually no
restrictions, except to publicly disclose their findings once the audit is
complete.

Without a doubt, the manner in which Steorn has proceeded is unconventional. But
then, so is its claim: energy with no apparent material source.

Naturally, it makes no sense for them to proceed in a conventional scientific
manner. The peer review process is grossly incapable of handling unconventional
claims and paradigm-challenging research.

Yesterday, I had the opportunity to speak with Sean McCarthy, Chief Executive
Officer of Steorn, and ask every question that I could think of. My conclusion
at the end of our talk is that I have no idea what to make of all this. However,
I can say that McCarthy was very direct and forthcoming with me.

Steorn has issued a bold challenge to the physics establishment, and this
establishment will not acquiesce without a fight.

I predict that none of us will know whether this claim is valid for months,
perhaps years. If the company's panel of experts determines that the claim
demonstrates new science, the remaining question is, Who will pay attention to
it and who will ignore it?

Introduction to the interview and two sound clips (2:47 minutes)
http://newenergytimes.com/Audio/2006Steorn-McCarthyIntro-Aug24.mp3

Full interview, (51 minutes, includes introduction)
http://newenergytimes.com/Audio/2006Steorn-McCarthyFull-Aug24.mp3



Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/  http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science, Science Group of India

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Nature, Geology, Archaeology and Science,

Month of Sawan is approaching and there has been rain in the area of
saraswati civilisations and weather is also expected pleasant during
the time. so we are planning an extensive expeditions in the area
for the Nature and wild life as well as GEOLOGY and archaeology with
the groups of science and interested community members with the
guide of geologists and Archaeologists.

Activity week ends 29 -30 July, 5-6  12-13  19-20 and 26 -17 August.
week days research work will be carried out and planning will start
before week of 24 - 28 July with members of science groups , Itihas
parishad, geologist and archaeologist.

Forwarded by YOURS Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science Groups of India.

ASTEROID FLYBY: During the early morning hours of Monday, July 3rd, asteroid
2004 XP14 will fly past Earth barely farther away than the Moon. XP14 is large
enough (600 meters wide) and bright enough (11th magnitude) to see through
backyard telescopes as it races across the star-fields of the Milky Way. There's
no danger of a collision, just a nice photo-op for amateur astronomers. [sky
map] [ephemeris] [observing tips]





[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Science and astronomy Friends,

Happy summer solstice
Today is 20 June and tomorrow on 21 June - at local time 12 PM (which is IST
12:52 for BHUJ) - sun will be over head on tropic of cancer - need to take
picture of RAMKUND steps in PLUM line direction to show if the structures has
any shadow at that time in any direction? (for MODHERA or at the KONARK temples
at the their LOCAL NOON time) those who wants to do the experiments on the
tropic of cancer to find out where is the real tropic of cancer and also to
measure the size of the Earth.

From: KutchScience
To: bhujkutch ; bhuj ; kachchh ; kutchastronomersclub ; kutchscience2 ;
kutchsciencefoundation ; madhapar ; scienceclubofindia ; kutchScience ;
venustransit2004 ; spacepeople@yahoogroups ; venustransit@yahoogroups.com ;
astronomyclubindia ; kutchastronomyclub@yahoogroups.com Vigyan Prasar ;
space-india.org@delhi
Sent: June 20, 2006 1:09 PM


http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/files/MeasureEarth.doc

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia/lists/




Hints: as Calculation of AU with the help of Venus transit we need to measure
Earth First in reality rather than just taking it granted. As on the summer
solstice day The sun is on the 23.5 N, we need to go there and find actual place
on 23.5 on the day at local time 12:00 NOON. And that will be real practical
aspect rather than just taken granted Last discussion time.



June 2004) : Measuring the Earth:




Sub: How long will it take and how far we need to go to measure the Earth?
Similar to the experiment below, But all need to do is use local time. When sun
comes overhead (No east or No West). And select two place A & B of Maximum
possible distance apart NORTH and SOUTH and do the measurement same time at both
place as follows.



We can use one control place "S" in South or "N" in North about 50 Km away to
correct any minor errors from short distance "few KM" experiment.



Similar Example of Latitudes longitude finding at the Local time. - for tropical
of cancer @ Local time you need to find the correct time when sun is on the head
with no shadows East or West. and need to be there at LOCAL time of 12:00 NOON
which may be 12 + MM depending on the place where you go - Longitudes.



Experiments done at the Place A & B (NEAR 23.5 N) on 12 Noon IST will have
shadow towards East/West. Depending your positions in India (West/ East of 82.5
E Longitude). And so accordingly you will get shadow East/West.  Measure the
length of that of shadow of 3 Meter pole OR a PLUM LINE shadow and find the
Tangent = shadow/ pole - will give u the angle. Say example : shadow = 600 mm at
that time. So 600/3000= 0.2

so anti tangent is an angle of 11.30' degree. so you are 11..30' West/East of
IST line means IF shadow is East than you are WEST and at 82.30' - 11.30' =  71
degree East longitude.



(If shadow is in the EAST than - you are IN the East of the TIME LINE so you
need to Start an experiment a DAY BEFORE (20 JUNE) and repeated on 21st JUNE
before 2 hours before 12 IST and preferably to start more than an hour before to
set up all arrangements)









Now you find exact time when to take results of the experiment. when there is no
shadow to the EAST/WEST - at 12Noon + (11.3o' x4) = @12 + 46 PM Here you have 46
minutes to do that. To take the next accurate place readings. When there is no
shadow in East/West but to the NORTH/SOUTH ONLY (depending your position North
or south of the SUN in India or in the world) at that place at that time. GPS
may be in correct to show that but not the SUN.



Now measure the length of the shadow in accuracy of mm fractions. @ places "A",
"B" & "N" or "S"@ the same time. If the Difference of the length of shadow is
1mm at places "A" and "B" same time at Local time when sun comes over head -(NO
shadow on East or West) the calculations will be simplified as follows. Anti tan
1/3000 gives the angle made by shadow on the Earth surface gives the angle = at
the centre of the Earth by the distance of the place "A"to "B" on the surface of
the EARTH. Eg about 1.145' (1+') and find the Circumference of the Earth = 360
degree. (around 40000 Km)



Similarly Controlled reading at "N" / "S" will help you to find accuracy eg long
distance measure will give more accuracy than 2KM and correct your readings from
that 50 KM distance experiments. (that will give you about 23.5 mm shadow
Difference than that of "A" and  23.5+1 mm than that of "B") so calculate the
anti tangent and angle and circumference of the Earth and Diameter or R for the
Earth.



TO SIMPLIFY MORE and Easy work, Let One of the "N" OR "S" be Either Delhi Jantar
Mantar or JAIPUR - JANTAR MANTAR.



We are very rich in our Astronomy engineering - particularly JAIPUR is the
Richest in that sense. Jaipur has very good working observatory (VEDH SHALA)
with guiding facility.



According to an expert guide (who are also expert in astronomical calculations)-
And that all works local timing and longitude - latitude of the place. Only the
persons required to work for it.



We should utilize that place with aided observation with Summer solstice of  21
June 2004. TEAM A - working with Local observatory guides and Team B working
with at the 23.5 N.  That is the best place for us to utilize the observation at
that place and that is relay an opportunity for Jaipur & Delhi and users too.



(Delhi and Jaipur observatory - Vedh Shala are constructed such a way that it
can work locally @ that Longitude Latitude and also at a LOCAL time of that
place. So we do not need to find the place location of  Longitude-Latitude while
working there nor the local time of that working place (Auto Sun Dial activity)
- nor we need toys like GPS nor sophisticated instruments. Not only that but
many of such astronomical activities - One like coming VENUS TRANSIT on 8 June
2004 also needs to be observed and activity to be worked in same environment
such as Local time and longitude Latitude, so many of planetarium places and
activity are just nothing in comparisons to such VITAL places as others has to
use their toys of GPS and telescopic compass and Leveling like a Theodolites).
So if we use this place on the day 21 June2004 for a Solistic measurements. (use
the real measured distance from 23.5N to Vedh shala NS distance measured by
vehicle travel)



World geometric dimension Table: created

       Earth's Equatorial Diameter
      Equatorial Circumference 2D
      Earth's Inter Polar Diameter
      Inter Polar Circumference 2D

       12756 Km (E to W)
      40053 KM (E to W)
      12714 K m (N to S)
      39900 KM (N to S)

       (E to W 23:30 N/S)
      (Using Tangent 23:30=0.917)



       360 degree @  23.5 Degree
      36730km@Tropic of Cancer 360 deg Round the Earth
      39900 KM Inter Polar

       1 Degree = 60 ' Mins /360
      =102 km = 64 Miles
      1 Degree = 60 ' Mins /360
      =110 km = 70 Miles

       1' Min = 60 " Secs    /60
      =1.7 KM =1.067 Miles
      1' Min = 60 " Secs    /60
      =1.84 KM =1.16 Miles


      =1700 M = 5632 Feet

      =1840 M = 6124 Feet

       1"Sec         /60
      28.3 M  =94 Feet
      1"Sec         /60
      30.8 M  =102 Feet

       = 37 adult steps
      = 18 Second's walk
      = 40 adult steps
      = 20 Second's walk


      1minute walk =300feets=92M

      1minute walk =300feets=92M


      1hour = 5.4 Km walk

      1hour = 5.4 Km walk




Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science Group of India
& kutch science foundation and ALSO JOIN US.


Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free.
Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com).




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Thank you Gurnani saheb,

Ee are very happy to work togethere with Vidya Vartul adn with your
co-operations we could aim our goals of scienece developments in Loacals and
in wider areas. we will also work together in future.

yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.

From: "moti gurnani" <vidya_vartul@...>
To: <kutchscience@...>
Sent: Tuesday, June 13, 2006 11:11 AM

Subject: Re: Keeping contact information up-to-date

Respected Dr. Bhudia,
Thank you very much for your rich and  starling
matter that you have kindly sent  us.Really a
pioneering work. I have been discussing these matters
with my  like minded people here. I shall be visiting
various sites you have worked upon to know more  It
enlights individual and help the society to  get
hidden benefits of it.
Meanwhile  concentric  concern , on which   we  have
been working here effortlessly is the  enhancing the
intrest of on HOW,WHY -curiosity  of the nature. To
speak specifically for Kutch, there has been
satisfactory ripening of Scientics, engineers, Medical
practioners.BUT need of our Society and more that of
our Country is  meet growing need of that  Thinkers-
materially and  spiritually . To  conceptualise that
nationalism and  society  empowering sense- at  very
green  age. (in 2015, when China even  is on path of
declining of younger generation, we have to supplement
and take lead at that time.There is much more to be
done.
I shall invite your views and follow up plans of our
KS
Regards
Moti Gurnani.
PS. Sir, I had  opportunity to see you personally at
Bhuj and thereafter you had kindly  demonstared a
Mathamatics  seminar at our Adipur Auditoruim.An
momerable event for lots of youths.Again we are
waiting for your meeting in person, Keep it up,Sir


  kutchscience@... wrote: Did you know we can always have access to
each other's latest contact information?

Corkscrew Asteroid



       A tiny asteroid looping around Earth for the past seven years is about to
leave the neighborhood.

       June 9, 2006: News flash: Earth has a "second moon." Asteroid 2003 YN107
is looping around our planet once a year. Measuring only 20 meters across, the
asteroid is too small to see with the unaided eye-but it is there.

       This news, believe it or not, is seven years old.

       "2003 YN107 arrived in 1999," says Paul Chodas of NASA's Near Earth Object
Program at JPL, "and it's been corkscrewing around Earth ever since." Because
the asteroid is so small and poses no threat, it has attracted little public
attention. But Chodas and other experts have been monitoring it. "It's a very
curious object," he says.

       Right: The typical corkscrew path of an Earth Coorbital Asteroid. [More]

       Most near-Earth asteroids, when they approach Earth, simply fly by. They
come and they go, occasionally making news around the date of closest approach.
2003 YN107 is different: It came and it stayed.

       "We believe 2003 YN107 is one of a whole population of near-Earth
asteroids that don't just fly by Earth. They pause and corkscrew in our vicinity
for years before moving along."




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends Of science and astronomy,

UFO study finds no sign of aliens


       The 400-page report was kept secret for six years


       Alleged UFO sightings
A confidential Ministry of Defence report on Unidentified Flying Objects has
concluded that there is no proof of alien life forms.
In spite of the secrecy surrounding the UFO study, it seems citizens of planet
Earth have little to worry about.

The report, which was completed in 2000 and stamped "Secret: UK Eyes Only", has
been made public for the first time.

Only a small number of copies were produced and the identity of the man who
wrote it has been protected.

His findings were only made public thanks to the Freedom of Information Act,
after a request by Sheffield Hallam University academic Dr David Clarke.

The four-year study - entitled Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK - tackles
the long-running question by UFO-spotters: "Is anyone out there?"

The answer, it seems, is "no".

      HAVE YOUR SAY
        Never in thirty years of working out of doors at all hours have I seen
anything that cannot be explained by a few seconds reasoned thought

       Barry P, Havant, UK


       Send us your comments

The 400-page report puts it like this: "No evidence exists to suggest that the
phenomena seen are hostile or under any type of control, other than that of
natural physical forces."

It adds: "There is no evidence that 'solid' objects exist which could cause a
collision hazard."

So if there are no such things as little green men in spaceships or flying
saucers, why have so many people reported seeing them?

Well, here is the science bit.

"Evidence suggests that meteors and their well-known effects and, possibly some
other less-known effects are responsible for some unidentified aerial
phenomena," concludes the report.


       Meteors may have been responsible for some UFO sightings

"Considerable evidence exists to support the thesis that the events are almost
certainly attributable to physical, electrical and magnetic phenomena in the
atmosphere, mesosphere and ionosphere.

"They appear to originate due to more than one set of weather and
electrically-charged conditions and are observed so infrequently as to make them
unique to the majority of observers."

People who claim to have had a "close encounter" are often difficult to persuade
that they did not really see what they thought they saw. The report offers a
possible medical explanation.

"The close proximity of plasma related fields can adversely affect a vehicle or
person," states the report.

"Local fields of this type have been medically proven to cause responses in the
temporal lobes of the human brain. These result in the observer sustaining (and
later describing and retaining) his or her own vivid, but mainly incorrect,
description of what is experienced."

There are, of course, other causes of UFOs - aeroplanes with particularly bright
lights, stray odd-shaped balloons and strange flocks of birds, to name but a
few.


       The report admits its findings will not persuade everyone

Yet, it will be difficult to convince everyone that there is a rational
explanation for all mysterious movements in the sky.

Some UFO-spotters believe governments will always cover up the truth about UFOs,
because they are afraid of admitting that there is something beyond their
control.

It is not clear how much time and effort the MoD has spent looking at the skies
in recent years, but it appears there are no plans for an in-depth UFO report
like the one written in 2000.

A MoD spokesperson said: "Both this study and the original "Flying Saucer
Working Party" [already in public domain in the national Archives] concluded
that there is insufficient evidence to indicate the presence of any genuine
unidentified aerial phenomena.

"It is unlikely that we would carry out any future studies unless such evidence
were to emerge."

Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/ http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends Of science and astronomy,

       India's eye in the sky
       Far away from public glare, a team of top-notch scientists are working at
building Astrosat, a unique observatory that will explore the invisible universe


          When Krishnaswamy Kast u r i r a n g a n walked into the auditorium at
the D.Y.Patil College of Engineering in Navi Mumbai a couple of years ago, the
chatter quickly gave way to hushed tones. It wasn't everyday the awestruck
audience got an opportunity to listen to the chief of the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO). His PowerPoint presentation started off as a routine one
and even managed to elicit a few yawns. Those familiar with India's space
programme knew all of it. And then, without a hint, he shifted gears and jaws
started to drop.
           On the drawing board, he said, were plans to launch a revolutionary
new space observatory. Called the Astrosat, it will weigh 1.6 tonnes and explore
deep space for five years. It will study the stars and other sources of high
radiation which will eventually help mankind understand the universe better.
When done, it will catapult India into an exclusive league of nations that have
the wherewithal to put something like this into space. The minute his
presentation was done, an overwhelmed audience mobbed him.
           Cut now to the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), a
60-minute drive from the auditorium where Kasturirangan first spoke on the
mission. Ensconced in its idyllic environment is P C Agarwal, a self-effacing
space scientist and now Astrosat's principal investigator. His excitement is
palpable. "When the Astrosat finally goes up, Indian astronomers can study the
invisible universe," he says. "Of course, the data we gather will be available
to astronomers from all over the world," he quickly adds.
           What he means by an invisible universe is fairly simple. Looking into
space from Earth is limited due to the filtering and distortion that occurs in
the atmosphere that envelopes our planet. But when you put an observatory into
space, above the atmosphere, you get around this problem.
           What makes the Astrosat even more unique is that unlike similar
missions put in place by countries like the US, Germany and Japan, this
satellite will cover multiple energy frequencies. "That will allow us to
understand what's going on in exotic stars like neutron stars, black holes and
active galaxies," Agarwal added.
           When the mission was being put in place, the scientists working on it
were clear that it would largely have to be an indigenous mission with most of
the instruments designed and fabricated in the country. To prove his point, he
takes me across his room to a mezzanine floor buzzing with activity. The first
thing the untrained eye catches is something that seems unusually large.
Apparently, it's what the scientists call a thermovac chamber. It simulates a
space-like environment and was built in Nashik, a six hour drive from Mumbai.
           Peep around a little more and you'll spot a cadmium zinc telluride
imager. Offers A R Rao, a scientist working on this mission rather helpfully,
"This is something we recently acquired from Israel. It can point energies from
X-rays very precisely." Incidentally, X-rays in the universe are sudden bursts
of energy from distant astronomical objects. "This instrument will help us study
objects in space a lot more deeply and holds the potential to revolutionise our
understanding of astronomy and physics," he adds.
           You don't have to look to hard to spot K P Singh, yet another
scientist on the project working intently. "I'm in charge of the soft X-Ray
imaging telescope. It's the first time we're attempting anything like this in
India," he says in a very matter-of-fact tone. When done, this instrument will
measure the energy X-rays emit. That will eventually help astronomers figure out
where in the universe it originated from.
           Work on various parts of the mission is in progress at other labs in
the country. This includes ISRO's Satellite Centre, the Indian Institute of
Astrophysics, the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, the Inter-University
Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, and Physical Research Laboratory,
Ahmedabad.
           Six months prior to the actual launch, all the various parts that have
to finally take flight will be dispatched to Bangalore. This is where it will
all be integrated with the satellite. Having done that, the satellite will be
transported to the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota near Chennai for
mating with a rocket before take off.
           The rocket will eventually take Astrosat to an altitude of 650
kilometres above Earth and deploy it on the intended mission. Having done that,
Astrosat will start transmitting the data to ISRO's telemetry and tracking
centre near Bangalore. The information collected here will then weave its way to
the Indian Science Data Centre for dissemination to various universities and
research centres for analysis. Now to keep your fingers crossed and wait until
2008.
       India's milestones in space
       1962: Indian National Committee for Space Research formed 1963: First
sounding rocket launched from TERLS 1975: First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata,
launched 1979: Bhaskara-1, an experimental satellite launched 1980: Second
experimental launch of SLV-3 Rohini 1982: INSAT-1A launched; deactivated later
1984: Rakesh Sharma became first Indian to reach space 1999: INSAT-2E, the last
satellite in the INSAT-2 series, launched 2001: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle-D1, the first developmental launch of GSLV with GSAT-1 onboard partially
successful


       Forwarded By yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
       http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
       President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
       Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
       Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
       kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
       http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
       http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
       http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
       Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
       Group of India.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear friends of Science

We feel pleasure to invite you to witness the
occasion of the inauguration of Kutch's

FIRST REGIONAL COMMUNITY SCIENCE CENTRE
at the hands of
ACHARYA CHANDANAJI OF VEERAYATAN

Venue:
101,Indraprastha, Sanskarnagar, Bhuj-370 001

Time: 05:00p.m

At this time, you will also be able to witness the glorious moments
when The Kutch's First Mini Planetarium begins to show the stars
inside a small dome of Mini Planetarium
during the Sky Theater Programme entitled
"Our Place In The Universe"

Acharya Chandanaji will also perform the Bhoomipoojan of the Project
of Science Centre at Kutchmitra Park
at 06.30 p.m

Respected Shri Kunwarjibhai Nanjibhai Kenia
will preside  over both the functions for the occasions
in the presence of eminent citizens of Bhuj(Kutch)
and
Shri Damjibhai Laljibhai Shah (Anchorwala)
(Eminent Industrialist and Philanthropist)
will be the Chief Guest

Date: Saturday, May6th, 2006 Time : 06:30 p.m
Venue:
Kutchmitra park, Bhuj-Mandvi Road Bhuj-370 001.

FOR
AKSHAY MALHOTRA
INDIAN PLANETARY SOCIETY

From yours Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.
http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/
President:"Kutch Science Foundation".
Founder :"Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club - Bhuj - Kutch".
Life Member:"kutch Itihaas Parishad".
kutchscience@..., kutchscience@...,
http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/
http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience
http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj
Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science club of India, Science
Group of India.